Finite element stress analysis of a cadaver second cervical vertebra.

A human vertebra was modelled using the finite element method (FEM), to investigate likely sites of failure under prescribed loading. The FEM stress analysis proved that the stress distributions in the second cervical vertebra (axis) are influenced by the direction of the applied load on the anterior surface of the odontoid process. The regions of high compressive stress could be found on the inner lateral edges of the superior facets, and the maximum tensile stress at the anterior junction of the dens and the vertebral body; both correspond to recorded fracture locations in clinical observations and judicial hangings.